| Capitol Lake | |
|---|---|
| Location | Olympia / Tumwater, Washington, USA |
| Lake type | artificial lake, Formerly wetlands and estuary |
| Primary inflows | Deschutes River |
| Basin countries | United States |
| Max. length | 3 km |
| Surface area | 260 acres (1.1 km2) |
| Settlements | Tumwater, Olympia |
Capitol Lake is a 3 kilometer long, 260-acre (1.1 km2) artificial lake at the mouth of Deschutes River in Tumwater/Olympia, Washington. The Olympia Brewery sits on Capitol Lake in Tumwater, just downstream from where the Tumwater Falls meet the lake. The Washington State Department of General Administration manages the lake, as part of The Washington State Capitol Campus.
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Prior to American settlement, the tidal basin at the southern tip of Budd Inlet was a productive shellfish gathering area for native peoples. After settlement in the mid-19th century, the basin received much of the wastewater and other effluent outflow from "uptown" Olympia. In the 1890s the Northern Pacific Railroad located a station and switching yard on the eastern shore of the basin.
The first proposal for creating Capitol Lake came when Leopold Schmidt of the Olympia Brewing Company proposed in 1895 to " mak(e) a fresh water lake of it by building a dam and locks near the Westside (Olympia) bridge." [1]
In 1911 the State Capitol Commission held a nationwide competition for the design of the State Capitol Campus. The winning architects, Wilder and White, submitted a revolutionary City Beautiful Movement and American Renaissance plan which included creating a body of water to reflect the Capitol Group of buildings on the bluff by installing a tidelock at the mouth of the Deschutes River.
A more limited lake was also part of the original landscape design by John Olmsted to reflect the Washington State Capitol building on Puget Sound. The lake as envisioned by Olmsted would have been created with a north to south running berm, as opposed to a east to west running damn.[2]
In 1915, the State Capitol Commission rejected a plan by former Olympia Mayor and state legislator P.H. Carlyon to replace Olympia's bridge to the westside with a dam and locks.[3] That plan would have created a lake very much like the present Capitol Lake. Because of opposition from upriver Tumwater businesses, such as the Olympia Brewing Company and the Olympia Power and Light Company, that plan was not approved.
The Capitol Group of buildings was constructed over several years from 1913 to 1940, and the State Capitol Committee then turned to the task of creating the Wilder and White reflecting Capitol Lake. In 1937 the state began purchasing the privately owned tidelands around the Capitol Campus.[4] In 1941, opposition from Tumwater was finally overcome during a special town meeting.[5] In 1947, due in large part by intense lobbying by Thurston County legislators, the state legislature approved funding for the construction of the dam in order to create Capitol Lake.
Capitol Lake was finally created in 1951 when the dam was completed consistent with the Wilder and White plan. This allowed for the retention of the outflow from the Deschutes River to cover the tide flats. Capitol Lake is a visual and recreational amenity and an appropriate setting for the acropolis of the Capitol Group which the Lake handsomely supports and reflects. Johnson, Norman J., "Washington's Audacious State Capitol and Its Builders", Seattle and London, University of Washington Press (1988).
In the 1990s and 2000s the North Capitol Campus Heritage Park was created with the Arc of Statehood from the Western Washington Inlet to the Eastern Washington Butte along the eastern edge of Capitol Lake and the North Campus trail and Law Enforcement Memorial with views across Capitol Lake to the borrowed landscapes of Puget Sound and the Olympic Mountains.
The February, 2001 Nisqually Earthquake did considerable damage to Deschutes Parkway on the west side of the lake.[6] Capital Lakefair, centered on the lake, is held annually in July.[7] The trail around the lake is 1.5 miles long.[8]
Because of a high rate of siltation, the lake has been dredged periodically in the past to keep it from filling in. After a twenty-five year hiatus, in 2011 the State Legislature appropriated $200,000 in order to seek permits to reimplement maintenance dredging in order to retain and improve Capitol Lake as part of the historic Wilder and White design of the State Capitol Campus during its centennial year.
Controversy surrounds Capitol Lake because it replaced an estuary. Because of a high rate of siltation, the lake was dredged periodically in the past to keep it from filling in, a classic case of eutrophication. Additionally, there is a milfoil infestation and poor water quality (it is closed to swimmers due to unsafe levels of E. coli). Since 2009 There has been evidence of New Zealand mudsnail infestation. There has been no adequate control and consequently the lake is rimmed with fencing and signage to keep the public away. However, it is known that the mudsnail (size of a grain of rice when mature) can "hitchhike" on water birds and thus can spread without human intervention.
The Department of General Administration, other state and local agencies, and the Squaxin Island Tribe participated in a study entitled "The Capitol Lake Adaptive Management Plan" or "CLAMP" to determine the future of the lake. For 10 Years the CLAMP met, discussing alternative solutions to the issues of the lake. The CLAMP was dissolved due to budget issues, but not before recommending that the best solution to the lake problems is to remove the dam and restore the estuary.[9]
There are two groups in Olympia that are actively involved in public education on the lake. One group is known as CLIPA, "Capital Lake Improvement and Protection Association," while the other group, known as DERT, or "Deschutes Estuary Restoration Team," supports dam removal and restoration of the free flowing waters of the Deschutes.